Analysis on the old and new Administrative Measures for the Diagnosis and Verification of Occupational Diseases / 中国职业医学

As occupational health work enters a new era, the diagnosis and identification of occupational diseases, that are closely related to the protection of workers′ health rights, require higher and newer standards. In 2021, the National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China revised and issued the Administrative Measures for the Diagnosis and Verification of Occupational Diseases to improve and perfect the original diagnosis and verification system of occupational diseases. These measures clarify the time limit for diagnosis of occupational diseases and shorten the time limit for identification of occupational diseases; and strengthen the main responsibility of the employer. This new system design is more operable. It embodies the management idea of Streamline administration, delegate power, combine decentralization, and optimize services. The language expression is more accurate and standardized. The revision of the Administrative Measures for Diagnosis and Verification of Occupational Disease is conducive to improving the efficiency of occupational disease diagnosis and protecting the rights and interests of workers. It is conducive to strengthening the supervision and management of occupational disease diagnosis institutions and occupational disease verification offices by administrative supervision and management departments. It is conducive to strengthening the responsibilities of employers. However, there are some problems: Article No. 28 sets up obstacles to the realization of legal value, which does not clearly stipulate the concept of new evidence. The effective time of this regulation has caused difficulties for occupational disease diagnosis institutions and occupational disease verification offices. It is recommended that this regulation can be further improved in the future revisions.

Application of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) traceability system based on TCM quality characteristics and HACCP system / 中国中药杂志

It is crucial to establish a complete set of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) quality traceability management process system, in order to stabilize the pricing order of TCM market and reconstruct the transmission path of TCM quality signals. In this study, we reviewed the mature experience of food and drug supervision at home and abroad, analyzed the quality characteristics of TCM, and put forward that the quality control of TCM products can learn from the hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) system in food safety quality control. This study points out that the HACCP system provides not only technical guidance for the traceability management of TCM, but also ideas for improving the quality of TCM products and the safety risk control of TCM. The application of the HACCP system in TCM quality control can help establish an international dialogue platform for TCM and help realize the modernization and internationalization of TCM industry.

Research on protection mode of Dao-di herbs-taking the protection mode of geographical indications as an example / 中国中药杂志

Dao-di herbs have been synonymous with quality medicinal herbs in our mind hearts since ancient times and are the essence of Chinese medicine culture. The development of genuine regional herbs faces problems such as insufficient supply of local resources and lack of competitive advantages. It is necessary to seek a suitable model to protect and develop authentic medicinal materials. The protection mode of geographical indication products has become more mature. Geographical indication(GI) products and authentic medicinal materials are all related to the origin. There is certain commonality between them. However, there are also differences between authentic Chinese herbal medicines and geographical indications, and it is unsuitable to simply equate the authentic Chinese medicinal materials with GI products. This article comprehensively combs and compares the development of the authentic Chinese herbal medicines and geographical indication products, and believes that it is necessary to fully learn from the experience of GI products and combine the characteristics of authentic medicinal materials to establish a set of protection systems that meet the characteristics of authentic medicinal materials. Through this research, it has positive significance to promote the protection and management of authentic medicinal materials.

Evaluation methods and empirical study on priority species for ex situ conservation of medicinal plants / 中草药

With the prevalence of natural medicine and natural health products, the problem of resource exhaustion of medicinal plants have become increasingly serious. The protection of medicinal plants in China is increasingly valued, but there are still some shortcomings in the current assessment methods of medicinal plant protection. Based on the summary of evaluation methods of threatened level and priority protection of plants, this paper improved the existing methods according to the characteristics of ex situ conservation data of medicinal plants, and performed comparison study on ten hierarchical selected medicinal plants. The results showed that there was a difference between new method and the original method, and this method could further improve the index sensitivity, ease of data acquisition, and batch evaluation, which can better reflect the priority of species protection. The method can be used for assessing ex situ conservation of medicinal plants and has reference meaning for the economic research and management of Chinese materia medica resources.

Species diversity of ex-situ cultivated Chinese medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Ex-situ conservation is an important means to protect biological genetic resources. Resource protection has received more and more attention with the continuous improvement of the comprehensive utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources. In this paper, the research and compilation of the species list of ex-situ cultivated medicinal plants in 12 Chinese Academy of Sciences botanic gardens and 19 specialized medicinal botanic gardens in China were carried out. Based on the Species 2000(2017) and other classification databases, species diversity of medicinal plants ex-situ cultivated in these botanical gardens were analyzed. The study found that there were 16 351 higher plant species in our country, belonging to 276 families and 1 936 genera. Of these, 6 949 specieswere medicinal plants, accounting for 50.4% of the total medicinal plants. There were 1 280 medicinal plants were in threatened status, accounting for 19.6% of all threatened species in the Chinese Biodiversity Red List, with ex-situ cultivated proportion of 59.5%. And 3 988 medicinal plants were Chinese endemic species, accounting for 22.5% of all Chinese endemic species, with ex-situ cultivated proportion of 53.3%. This article has reference significance for the management and protection of medicinal plant resources.

Influence of Nagoya Protocol on traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit sarising from the utilization of genetic resources.The Nagoya Protocol significantly advances the CBD's third objective by providing a strong basis for greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources.In June 2016, the Chinese government approved the accession to the Nagoya Protocol. The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol is bound to greatly influence the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as its development relies on medical biological genetic resources.Both the protection and access of medical biological genetic resources and its related traditional knowledge and the introduction, breeding, biosynthesis and the extraction and modification of effective components of medicinal organism are with the prescribed scope of the Nagoya Protocol. In this study, we simply introduce the background and main contents of the Nagoya Protocol in first. We then explore the relationship between the Nagoya Protocol and the TCM.We also analyze the positive effects on the TCM for China to be one of the parties of the Nagoya Protocol and finally make some proposals for better implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.This study has certain reference significance to the resource economy and management of TCM.

Analysis of characteristics and problems of international trade of Poria cocos in China / 中国中药杂志

Poria cocos is one of medical materials frequently used in China and well marketed at home and abroad. Based on the analysis of exports and imports data of P. cocos, we found that large proportions of P. cocos were exported, while only a small proportions of those were imported in China between 2011 and 2016. During periods of these six years, the annual exporting trade of P. cocos in quantity significantly decreased, but that in dollars tend to increase slightly and the unit-prices of P. cocos significantly increased. Statistically, the average annual export trade of P. cocos from 2011 to 2016 in quantity and dollars were 9 279.73 tons and 35.454 million dollars, respectively. And the average annual export in unit-price was 4.14 dollars per kilogram. In total, P. cocos came from 29 provinces and exported to 44 countries through 21 ports. More than 98% of total exports of P. cocos were flew to the markets of countries in Asia, of which Hong Kong was the major partner in import trade of P. cocos. Large amount of P. cocos came from Guangdong province and exported mainly through Shenzhen port. Except the exports, China also imports P. cocos from other countries, among which Korea was the major country exports largest amount of P. cocos to China. And most of P. cocos were imported by Jilin province and mainly through Changchun port. To improve the export kinetic, quality and profits of P. cocos, and thus enhance the international competitiveness of the industry of P. cocos, Chinese governments should emphasize the researches on the products of P. cocos, broaden the demand space of the high-end customers, stimulate the high-end market grow in high speed and accelerate the process of standardization in future.

Overview of Revision of the Catalogue of the Substances Traditionally Considered as both Food and Chinese Medicine / 中国药学杂志

The generation and revisions of the catalogue of the substances traditionally considered as both food and Chinese medicine (dietary Chinese medicine) mainly aim to solve the management problems of substances with dual attributes, of both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and food. With the development of comprehensive health industry of TCM, the importance of dietary Chinese medicine has become increasingly prominent in the whole society. This paper reviews the revision history of dietary Chinese medicine, explains the basis, principles, processes, outlines, and significance of this revision, and illustrates the potential of those substances in the development of preventive treatment and the comprehensive health industry. The paper is of great significance in the researching, understanding and application of the catalogue of the substances traditionally considered as both food and Chinese medicine.

Import and export of licorice and its products in China / 中国中药杂志

Licorice is an important harmonic drug which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. However, with the increasing demand of industrial production, the licorice resources in our country have been reduced rapidly and we have to import licorice resources from Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan consequently. In order to find out the trade flow of licorice resources and evaluate the status of Chinese licorice in the world trade, the trade situation of licorice and its products from 2011 to 2015 May in Chinese customs was investigated and analyzed in this paper. The import and export volumes of licorice were declining; the import and export volumes of licorice were relatively concentrated in international trade, with greater risks of trade; and export quota management was not well executed. As one of the strategic resources of medicine, licorice resources must be based on domestic development, and we should adjust the export quota management from passive quota to active quota management and improve the intrinsic value of licorice resources to establish the international market position of our licorice and control the pricing power in international market.

Immune cytotoxic effect of trichloroethylene in Jurkat T cells / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the immune cytotoxic effect and the maximum non-effect dose of trichloroethylene( TCE) on Jurkat T cells in vitro. METHODS: i) Naive and activated Jurkat T cells were treated with different concentrations of TCE( 0. 10, 0. 50, 1. 00, 2. 00, 5. 00, 10. 00 mmol / L). Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin were used as agonist. No TCE was used in the control group and dimethyl sulfoxide( DMSO) was used as the solvent group. The morphology of Jurkat T cells was observed using a light microscope and the survival rate of Jurkat T cells was investigated using CCK-8 essay after cells were cultured for 24,48 and 72 hours. ii) Nave and activated Jurkat T cells were treated with different concentrations of TCE( 0. 00,0. 02,0. 20,2. 00 mmol / L). The apoptosis of cells was detected using flow cytometry and the level of interleukin-2( IL-2) in supernatant was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay after cells were cultured for 24,48 and 72 hours. RESULTS: i) Cytotoxic effect was observed after cells were exposed to 10. 00 mmol / L TCE for 24 hours. Cells dispersed,cell volume diminished,cell membrane ruptured,cytoplasm condensed and increased outflow of intercellular organelles. The effect of interaction between exposure dose and exposure time was statistically significant on cell survival rate( P < 0. 01). Compared with the control and DMSO groups at the same time points,there were no significant differences in the 0. 10,0. 50,1. 00 and 2. 00 mmol / L TCE treatment groups in cell survival rates in three different time points( P > 0. 05),while the cell survival rates of 5. 00 and 10. 00 mmol / L TCE treatment groups were significantly decreased( P < 0. 01). ii) When TCE concentration was 0. 00-2. 00 mmol / L,there were no significant differences in the main effect of exposure dose and interactions of between exposure dose and cell type or exposure time on cell apoptosis rate( P > 0. 05). Compared with the same time points and groups of naive Jurkat T cells,the levels of IL-2 of activated Jurkat T cells were significantly increased( P < 0. 01). In the three different time points,the level of IL-2 of activated Jurkat T cells increased in accordance with the TCE exposure dose,showing a dose-effect relationship( P < 0. 01). The level of IL-2 of activated Jurkat T cells increased in accordance with TCE exposure time,showing a time-effect relationship( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION:s TCE at the level of 2. 00 mmol / L had no observed effect in Jurkat T cells. High doses of TCE( ≥5. 00 mmol / L) showed cytotoxic damages to naive and activated Jurkat T cells and low doses of TCE( ≤2. 00 mmol / L) could stimulate activated Jurkat T cells secrete IL-2 in a dosedependent and time-dependent manner.

Current status and prospects of traditional Chinese medicine resource ex-situ conservation / 中国中药杂志

Protection of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources is the foundation of sustainable development of TCM industry, which includes the in-situ and ex-situ conservation. The development of TCM resource ex-situ conservation was reviewed, and hotpots in the conservation and its development practices were analyzed. Therefore national TCM resource ex-situ conservation systems were proposed, including the establishment of TCM resources introduction gardens, TCM resource in vitro conservation library and TCM resource bio-information sharing platform, rational distribution of TCM resources ex-situ conservation agencies, along with the advancement of TCM varieties breeding, and the perfection of Chinese herbal medicines seed and seedlings market, which are of significant importance on the guidance of TCM resource ex-situ conservation development.

Discussion on strengthening yin of chinese herbs with bitter-flavor clinical traditional Chinese pharmacology noun terminology standardization research / 中国中药杂志

Clinical traditional Chinese pharmacology is the subject that study of basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, property of Chinese materia medica and clinical application. The study on the standardization research of the terminology of clinical traditional Chinese pharmacology is an important premise and foundation to standardization, modernization and internationalization, informationization construction of clinical traditional Chinese pharmacology and is also the important content of the subject construction. To provide some exploring ideas for clinical traditional Chinese pharmacology noun terminology standardization, this article elaborates the concept of strengthening Yin with bitter-flavor herbs in several aspects, such as connotation and the historical origin, the clinical application in the traditional, modern clinic application, and the modern basic research and so on.